One of your car’s most vital components, the engine, is whole in and of itself. As a result, for it to function flawlessly, it needs engine oil. The engine fluids lubricate and protect the engine while enhancing its working and performance.
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There are various varieties of these oils available:
Semi Synthetic oil
Conventional mineral and synthetic base oils are combined to create semi-synthetic engine oils, also referred to as synthetic blends. These lubricants use the strength of completely synthetic oils while providing an affordable alternative to conventional oils.
They are blended with mineral oils that have been strengthened with chemicals or additives and they comprise 30–40% synthetic oil.
It is less expensive than fully synthetic oil and provides superior performance and protection over traditional mineral oil. Semi-synthetic oil is an excellent option for most cars, especially those with high mileage or those used in harsh environments.
Fully Synthetic Engine Oil
The best fully synthetic engine oils on the other hand, are carefully designed lubricants made entirely of synthetic base oils. These oils are designed in laboratories to satisfy the requirements of contemporary engines and various cars found in various parts of the globe. These oils function better as lubricants and have low temperature, stability and flow characteristics. They are therefore an excellent option for premium and high-performance cars.
It is the priciest engine oil type and provides the finest protection and performance. It is advisable for high-performance vehicles running in harsh environments to use all synthetic oil.
Here is a table comparing semi-synthetic and fully synthetic engine oil:
Technological Advanced Lubricants
A thorough understanding of material science and technological breakthroughs have propelled the lubricant industrys constant expansion.
The following major developments in the lubricant sector are influencing the future:
Nanotechnology:
Researchers are investigating the possibility of incorporating nanoparticles into lubricants. Nano additives can improve fuel economy lower friction and improve lubricant characteristics.
Bio-based lubricants:
The lubricant business is moving toward bio-based substitutes as environmental preservation and sustainability have gained global attention. These lubricants have a lower environmental impact and are frequently biodegradable because they are made from renewable materials.
Innovative lubricants:
The Internet of Things has made it possible for the development of smart lubricants. These lubricants optimize lubrication and minimize wear and tear by using sensors and data analytics capabilities to monitor engine conditions in real-time.
Advanced Additive Packages:
The development of cutting-edge additives and advanced technology has led to improved anti-wear anti-corrosion, and detergent-dispersant properties in lubricants. It further led to longer engine life and enhanced performance.
Ionic liquids:
Ionic liquids are a type of non-flammable and non-toxic lubricants. They are effective at being evaluated for use in a variety of industrial applications including engines and machinery.
Graphene
This is a single layer of carbon atoms that is incredibly strong and lightweight. This is investigated and tested as a potential best diesel engine oil additive for lubricants to improve their performance and durability.
New Innovation And Revolution In The Fields Of Lubricants
Here is some new scientific research on lubricants that are revolutionizing the conventional way of using oil:
- A new kind of lubricant composed of recyclable materials has been developed by a group of researchers from the University of Michigan. The lubricant manufactured from finished cooking oil and other recyclable materials is just as effective as conventional fully synthetic gasoline engine oil.
- A group of Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers has created a brand-new self-healing lubricant. Engines and other machinery may last longer because lubricant has the ability to repair itself after a burn.
- A group of scientists at the University of California, Berkeley have created a brand-new lubricant that is derived from renewable materials. The lubricant is non-toxic biodegradable and derived from algae and other renewable resources.
These are but a handful of the most recent lubricant-related scientific studies. Scientists are always creating better lubricants to satisfy consumer and industry demands.
Researchers are constantly working on developing new and better lubricants for use in engines and industry. Among the most exciting emerging technologies are graphene ionic liquids and nanotechnology. Lubricants have a bright future ahead of them. New lubricants will lessen the environmental impact of engines and machinery while also enhancing their performance and efficiency.
A Look Into the Lubricant Future
There is a bright future for lubricants. Scientists are working on creating lubricants that are stronger more efficient and less harmful to the environment. These new lubricants will lessen their negative effects on the environment while enhancing the functionality and efficiency of engines and machinery.
Looking ahead to the lubricant industry, a number of promising opportunities include
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Electric vehicle lubrication: Lubricants will need to change as electric vehicles (EVs) become more commonplace to satisfy their specific needs. Electric motors and battery systems will require specialized lubricants more and more.
Sustainability and Biodegradability: In line with international sustainability objectives the lubricant sector will keep moving toward ecologically friendly and biodegradable products.
Custom Lubrication Systems: Developments in artificial intelligence and data analytics will make it possible to create lubrication solutions that are specifically suited to a certain piece of equipment and set of operating parameters.
Energy Efficiency: Lubricants will be essential to improving energy efficiency across industries by lowering friction and energy losses.
Table of Formulas and References
Here are some key formulas and references for your reference:
Table 1: Key Formulas
Semi- and fully synthetic engine oils represent the vanguard of lubrication technology providing performance and longevity. But this is not enough it is directing the way for a sustainable and efficient future.
However semi- and fully synthetic engine oils offer different levels of performance and protection. Semi-synthetic oil is a good choice for most cars especially modern cars. However they are suitable for old engines as well.
In comparison fully synthetic engine oils such as 10W40 are good for modern cars and are recommended for high-performance cars to operate excellently in extreme weather.
With ongoing scientific research and technological breakthroughs the lubricant industry is poised for exciting development that will benefit both the industry and the environment. It will drive the lubricants of tomorrow into new frontiers of excellence.
References:
- Smith, J., et al. (). “Graphene-based Additives for Improved Lubrication in Synthetic Oils.” Journal of Advanced Materials, 45(3), 321-335.
- Brown, A. et al. (). “Smart Lubricants: Real-time Engine Monitoring using IoT Sensors.” International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 12(5), 789–802.
The commercialization of graphene has reached an inflection point. This point is not represented by one development, but by many that are now occurring with greater frequency. The key is that large multi-national corporations are now adopting graphene into their products. A prime example has been Ford’s use of graphene in its polyurethane-based fuel rail covers, pump covers and front engine covers for several years now.
Now another long-established company, Turtle Wax, in the midst of celebrating its 75th year in business, has announced that it has incorporated graphene into its product line to further enable the performance characteristics of its vehicle-care products.
Recently, Turtle Wax joined The Graphene Council as a corporate member and we took that opportunity to talk to Michael Schultz, Senior Vice President of Turtle Wax Research & Development, who developed the formula in-house, to learn what attracted Turtle Wax to using graphene and the challenges and benefits they have experienced by using the material. Here is that interview.
Q: What are the properties of graphene that drew your attention to it in order to further enable your products?
A: There have been many science articles written on the unique properties of graphene. Some of the technical advances that had been published sparked interest within the leadership of our company. Of greatest interest is the two dimensional configuration, flexible properties, it’s strength, friction modification and its electrical and thermal conductivity. We saw the physical properties at the atomic level of graphene as an avenue to help solve some of the technical challenges we have with exterior coatings.
Q: In addition to attractive properties of graphene, were there any other expectations about what graphene might provide your products?
A: Quite frankly the challenge was trying to find a way to stabilize graphene in a manner where it could be evaluated in our laboratory. We had meetings with technical experts which were very helpful in understanding the challenges of working with graphene. Most of our expectations really were around the discovery, observations and comparison of graphene to other materials of similar interest which has always fueled our innovation.
Q: How long have you been working with graphene to develop it to the point where it can be commercialized within your product line? Is graphene now in any of your products?
A: The big break we had in the laboratory was when we were able to use known scientific principles to find graphene attributes that we could use to elevate the performance of our exterior products. Various scientific papers provided clues to how to use our laboratory technologies in processing graphene. Through lab experimentation over this time period I invented a process that is being patented by Turtle Wax.
Yes. We have three (3) products on the market with graphene: a Paste wax/coating, a spray wax/coating, and a liquid wax product.
Q: What proved to be the biggest challenge in bringing graphene into your production processes?
A: Finding a processing plant that would reconfigure their blending and manufacturing to match our patent-pending designed process was a major challenge.
Q: What benefits do you expect graphene will provide your products, i.e., market differentiation, cost benefits, improved properties, etc.?
A: We believe our graphene process, it’s use in our premium product offerings, and our continued ability to be at the forefront of innovation, compliments our higher brand perception and better performing products.
Electric cars which can be filled up within five minutes, reach ranges like a diesel and yet drive "cleanly": This is already being achieved by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles today. However, so far they are still rare and expensive. Apart from efficiency problems, this is due, among other things, to one core component: Gold-coated bipolar plates (BiP) in fuel cells are expensive and complex to manufacture.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS Dresden, the German automotive group Daimler and the Finnish steel company Outokumpu Nirosta have now developed an economical alternative for rapid mass production.
To this end, scientists at the Fraunhofer IWS have developed a technology that facilitates the continuous production of bipolar plates. Instead of gold, they coat the bipolar plates with a very thin carbon coating. This concept is well suited for mass production and can significantly reduce manufacturing costs. In addition, it contributes to the development of environmentally friendly vehicles.
Fuel cells are promising technological alternatives to battery concepts
„If the automotive industry is talking about alternative drive concepts today, it usually means battery electric driving", explains IWS Director Prof. Christoph Leyens. "Fuel cells, however, could offer an attractive technological solution for application scenarios such as trucks requiring a long range. We therefore work closely together with our industrial partners in order to enable more cost-effective and efficient fuel cells".
"Engineers are idealists, too, and so we are particularly passionate about this project," emphasizes Dr. Teja Roch, scientist at the IWS. "We are delivering a cornerstone for climate-neutral mobility beyond classic combustion engines. However, the project will only work if the new process is profitable in practice. "Our technology offers the potential to significantly reduce the production costs of fuel cells."
A fuel cell - how does it work?
Fuel cells operate like mini power plants: They are supplied with hydrogen and oxygen and use them to generate water, electricity and heat in a chemical reaction. Various designs can be considered. A widely used model is the PEM fuel cell. PEM fuel cells contain stacks consisting of many individual cells, each with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) in the middle. To the right and left of this membrane there are electrodes with catalysts, a gas diffusion layer (GDL) and bipolar plates on both sides. Hydrogen and oxygen flow through these plates into the cell. The plates consist of two stainless steel half plates each, on which special structures for gas flow and heat dissipation are embossed in a forming process and subsequently welded together.
However, since steel surfaces only poorly conduct electricity, bipolar plates are often coated with gold to prevent rust formation. Above all, however, the precious metal ensures that the current can easily flow, meaning that the contact resistance between the gas diffusion layer and the bipolar plate remains low. "However, gold is known to be expensive," says Teja Roch, outlining a problem with this frequently used solution. "In addition, the stainless steel plates for the plates are first formed and welded together and subsequently coated in stacks. This is a rather costly and time-consuming process."
Therefore, IWS researchers and their partners from the automotive and steel industry have explored new paths in the course of the joint project "miniBIP II" funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Instead of using gold, they have coated the approximately 50 to 100 micrometers (thousandths of a millimeter) thin steel sheets with a graphite-like layer only a few nanometers (millionths of a millimeter) thick. They use physical vapor deposition (PVD) for this process. In this technology, an electric arc in a vacuum chamber first vaporizes the carbon, which is subsequently deposited on the stainless steel in a highly pure, uniform and very thin layer.
Coating costs reduced by half
Even in the pre-series stage, this carbon layer achieves a contact resistance similar to the gold coating. In other words, if the engineers further improve their process up to mass production, the coating will conduct electricity at least as well as the precious metal, possibly even better - at half the cost of coating. Fraunhofer IWS scientists are convinced that this will contribute to a new generation of more efficient fuel cells with higher electrical yield.
In addition, the innovative Fraunhofer technology also promises a higher production speed. The carbon layer is so extremely thin that the coating process itself takes only a few seconds. In addition, stack producers will in future be able to coat entire sheet metal rolls "non-stop" before forming. After all, the Fraunhofer coating is so durable that it can withstand the forming and welding process. "This enables a continuous manufacturing process and thus a much higher production throughput than ever before," explains Dr. Roch.
Fuel cell vehicles with the range of a diesel
Such improved and lower-cost fuel cells are particularly important for mobile use. They are particularly suitable for environmentally friendly cars, buses and long-range trucks that need to be refueled quickly. The "miniBIP II" project thus contributes to the Federal Government's recently reaffirmed strategy of making Germany a pioneer of future hydrogen technologies. Some market analysts such as IDTechEx and McKinsey expect that by several million vehicles with fuel cell technology will already be on the road worldwide. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft has taken up this challenge. In a joint initiative, the involved institutes are providing their "expertise to support the hydrogen age". Fraunhofer IWS participates in this network as well. Further information can be found online here: https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/research/current-research/hydrogen.html
The Graphene Flagship brought together top European researchers and companies to discuss the most disruptive ways graphene could enhance composites used in the aerospace, automotive and energy industries. The multidisciplinary team involved researchers from academic institutions, business enterprises such as Graphene Flagship Partners Nanesa and Avanzare, and large transportation end-user industries, such as Graphene Flagship Partners Airbus and Fiat.
They showed that integrating graphene and related materials (GRMs) into fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs) has great potential to improve weight and strength, and helps to overcome the bottlenecks limiting the applications of these composites in planes, cars, wind turbines and more. Nowadays, the transportation industry is responsible for nearly one-third of global energy demand, and it is the major source of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas. Graphene Flagship scientists are therefore continually trying to develop new materials to lower fuel usage and CO2 emissions, helping to mitigate environmental damage and climate change.
Graphene-integrated composites are an example of lighter materials with great potential for use in vehicle frameworks. They are constructed by introducing graphene sheets, a few billionths of a metre thick, into hierarchical fibre composites as a nano-additives. Hierarchical fibre composites are a type of composite material in which components of different sizes are combined in a controlled way to significantly improve the mechanical properties. They typically consist of micro- or mesoscopic carbon fibres, a few millionths of a metre thick, attached to a polymer matrix, and they are already used as building materials to make vehicles of all shapes and sizes.
Graphene's high aspect ratio, high flexibility and mechanical strength enable it to enhance the strength of weak points in these composites, such as at the interface between two different components. Its tunable surface chemistry also means that interactions with the carbon fibre and polymer matrix can be adjusted as needed. The fibre, polymer matrix and graphene layers all work together to distribute mechanical stress, resulting in a material with improved strength and other beneficial properties.
There are many challenges to consider. For instance, planes experience temperature changes between 20 °C and -40 °C every time they take off and land, with huge differences in pressure and humidity. Graphene-integrated composites therefore need to withstand water condensing and even freezing inside the fuselage. They also need to endure lightning strikes, which happen several times per month, so the conductive properties of graphene must be harnessed to create an electrically conductive framework that resists electromagnetic impulses. In cars, new structural materials must be able to withstand crash tests and be lightweight enough to ensure fuel efficiency. Graphene Flagship researchers are also investigating conductive materials to replace circuitry in car dashboards.
Researchers and end-users come together
Graphene Flagship partners at Queen Mary University and the National Graphene Institute, UK, FORTH-Hellas, Greece, CNR, Italy, and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, collaborated with researchers at the University of Turin, the University of Trento and KET-LAB, Italy, and the University of Patras, Greece, to provide perspectives from the research community. They worked with scientists at Graphene Flagship partner companies Nanesa, Italy, and Avanzare, Spain, to review the technological viability of graphene-incorporated FRCs.
Francesco Bertocchi, co-author of the paper and President of Nanesa, believes that graphene-incorporated FRCs are indeed feasible for vehicle design, and has created new composites with many essential properties for the transportation industries. "Thanks to the Graphene Flagship, Nanesa has worked in close synergy with many partners to create many different prototypes. These include properties such as flame retardancy, water vapor absorption barrier, high electrical and thermal conductivity, EMI shielding. We also integrated thermo-resistive systems for de-icing and anti-icing ," he says.
Graphene Flagship Partners Airbus and Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles, world leading aerospace and automotive industries, evaluated the impact of graphene-incorporated FRCs on the aerospace and automotive industries and assessed their commercial viability.
Tamara Blanco-Varela, co-author and materials & processes engineer at Airbus, explains that Airbus is working hard to make these materials viable for use in new aircraft models. "We all know that the aeronautical sector is very challenging for the introduction of new materials or technologies. Airbus is committed to making graphene-related materials fly as soon as possible, and a step-by-step approach is being set up," she says. By selecting 'quick-win' applications with immediate benefits to the aerospace industry, she anticipates that graphene-integrated FRCs will reach the market soon. "One example is using these materials for anti- and de-icing purposes in aeroplanes, for which Airbus will be leading activities targeting commercial exploitation of this technology. We are hoping for it to reach a high maturity level, with a target readiness level between five and six, in the next few years."
Brunetto Martorana, co-author and researcher at Graphene Flagship partner Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles, adds: "The interesting structural properties of graphene have opened an interesting window for designing novel light composites." He explains that new lightweight composite materials do not necessarily need to be lower in strength and introduce safety issues. "New approaches must be found to enhance the 'crashworthiness' of composites – and graphene composites may be able to fill that role," he continues. Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles have now committed to the commercialization of new composite materials, and will be leading a new initiative to bring this technology to market."
An uplifting outlook
"The Graphene Flagship provides a stable, clear, long-lasting partnership for different partners to work together. They all started their collaboration as part of our Composites Work Package", comments Vincenzo Palermo, Graphene Flagship Vice-Director and lead author of the paper. "The Graphene Flagship pushes all partners to have frequent interactions, with regular meetings – like in this case, partners who begun working on graphene with different motivations have come together to address common challenges," he says.
Costas Galiotis, the Graphene Flagship's Composites Work Package leader, expresses that this collaboration has been highly valuable. "This a comprehensive review of the work undertaken in the Graphene Flagship, and elsewhere, to confirm that the addition of GRMs provides benefits to many applications in the aerospace, automotive, energy and leisure industries."
Galiotis expresses particular interest in the review's analysis of the best ways to process GRMs into composites, the effect of this on the overall composite performance, and the challenges scientists face in the search for high performance composites. "Overall, I think this is a timely review article for the composites field, which should be read with interest by all parties involved with composite development and usage," he concludes.
Andrea C. Ferrari, Science and Technology Officer of the Graphene Flagship and Chair of its Management Panel, comments: "This paper shows the leadership of large corporations and small enterprises, all partners of the Graphene Flagship, in taking graphene composites to the market in the next few years. This yet again shows the steady progress of the Graphene Flagship along its technology and innovation roadmap."
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