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Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (e.g., 50 Hz for the power grid in Europe) that cause distortion in the voltage and current of the original sinusoidal waveform. These harmonic voltages and currents, generated by non-sinusoidal loads, can significantly impact the operation and lifespan of electrical equipment and devices.
When applying FFT to analyze a signal, the result is a spectrum that shows how the signal’s energy is distributed among different frequency components. Here’s how it works:
- Fundamental Frequency: This is the primary frequency of the signal. For a 50 Hz signal, the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz.
- Harmonics: These are multiples of the fundamental frequency. For a 50 Hz signal, the harmonics would be 100 Hz (2nd harmonic), 150 Hz (3rd harmonic), 200 Hz (4th harmonic), and so on.
Identifying harmonics in electrical signals helps in diagnosing power quality issues, such as distortion that can affect the performance of electrical equipment.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a measurement that quantifies the distortion of a waveform due to the presence of harmonics. It is commonly used in electrical and audio systems to assess the quality of a signal or power supply. Here’s a detailed explanation:
THD represents the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. It is usually expressed as a percentage.
Total Harmonic Current (THC) is the accumulated currents of orders 2 to 40 that contribute to the distortion of the current waveform.
The current Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is defined as the ratio of the root-sum-square values of the harmonic current to the maximum demand load current times 100 to get the result in a percentage.
Flicker is a term used to describe fluctuations (repetitive variations) of voltage. Flashing light bulbs are indicators of high flicker exposure. Flicker is especially present in grids with a low short-circuit resistance and is caused by the frequent connection and disconnection (e.g. heat pumps, rolling mills, etc.) of loads that affect the voltage. A high level of flicker is perceived as psychologically irritating and can be harmful to humans.
Rapid Voltage Changes are parameters which are added as a supplement to the flicker standard. Rapid Voltage Changes describe all voltage changes that change the voltage for more than 3% at a certain time interval. These voltage changes can afterward be analyzed with different parameters (depth of voltage change, duration, steady-state deviation, etc.).
If you want to learn more, please visit our website Power Quality Management Solutions.
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