Given how dependent we, as a society, are on electronics, it makes sense that more people are showing interest in understanding their basic composition. Whether it’s out of career necessity or just pure curiosity, people want to know how gadgets like phones, laptops, televisions, radios, and tablets work. Beyond electronic entertainment, you also have the technologies used in industries like healthcare, aviation, education, and so on. So there’s no denying that electronics play an integral role in the modern world.

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If you’ve landed on this article, then you probably have a vested (or casual) interest in how electronics work. We can tell you, as early as now, that the magic all happens in the electronic circuit.

Table of contents:

• Electronic Circuits
• Elements of an Electronic Circuit
  • Conducting Path
  • Voltage Source
  • Load
• Type of Electronic Circuits
  • Closed Circuit
  • Open Circuit
  • Integrated Circuit
  • Short Circuit
  • Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)
• Electronic Components
  • Capacitors
  • Resistors
  • Diodes
  • Relays
  • Quartz Crystals
• Conclusion

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Electronic Circuits

All electronics depend on electronic circuits to function. These are basically small structures found inside machines that direct and control electric current in order to perform different functions. What they do can be broken down into two general steps:

(1) Process external information

(2) Dictate the electronics’ response based on that information

Depending on the stimuli or on their programming, they can control the electric current to compute information, amplify signals, redirect power, or transfer data—just to name a few processes.

Electronic circuits use a number of complex electronic components and elements to achieve their specified process-and-respond systems. However, generally speaking, all electronic circuit elements can be categorized into three basic functions: 

• A conducting path
• A voltage source
• A load

Elements of an Electronic Circuit

Conducting Path

This is the system or pathway where the electric circuit in all electronic circuits flow. Earlier, we mentioned that electronic circuits control the flow of an electric current in order to process information and respond accordingly. The conducting path acts as the container that dictates the current’s exact route.

Voltage Source

Whereas the conducting path directs energy, the voltage source supplies it. This element is typically a two-terminal device that provides potential difference (aka voltage) between two points. Common examples of voltage sources include batteries, generators, and power systems.

Load

The voltage source is the element that supplies energy; the load is the element that consumes it. The simplest example of this is a light bulb. If you’re familiar with resistors, capacitors, or transistors (some of which we’ll cover in great detail further on), then you’re already familiar with more complex examples of a load.

Types of Electronic Circuits

In order for a circuit to work, all three elements must be integrated or connected with each other in a closed loop. Everything starts and ends in the same place; no disconnections, interruptions, or dead-ends. However, there are some circuits that intentionally do not form a loop. These are known as open circuits, which is one type of circuit. Other types of circuits are the closed circuit, the integrated circuit, the short circuit, and the printed circuit board.

Closed Circuit

This is the most common type of circuit. All components are connected to form one uninterrupted loop which may or may not perform a function, depending on the situation (like a circuit connected to a dead power source).

Open Circuit

A circuit that doesn’t form a loop. One or more electronic components are disconnected either intentionally (like how a light switch turns a light bulb on and off) or accidentally.

Integrated Circuit

This is a tiny electronic circuit that can fit inside small silicon chips (like the ones found in laptops, mobile phones, tablets, and the like). Integrated circuits (or ICs) are sophisticated pieces of tech used to improve the efficiency of electronic devices by reducing their size and, consequently, their manufacturing costs.

Short Circuit

A short circuit happens when two points in an electric circuit form a low-resistance connection. The current typically prefer this new pathway over the intended route, which can, in turn, throw the circuit’s function off-balance. This is why short circuits are often equated to serious or damaging issues in electronic equipment (like batteries exploding or fuse boxes malfunctioning).

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

PCBs, like integrated circuits, are tiny electronic circuits made up of tinier electronic components. They’re typically made of a plastic board with connecting copper tracks and compartments for the components, hence the name. PCBs aren’t as sophisticated as ICs, though, and are more commonly found in equipment with simpler circuits (i.e., radios, television sets, etc.)

Electronic Components

Electronic circuits are basically the lifelines of all-electric appliances. Without them, the machine wouldn’t function. However, they themselves wouldn’t function either if not for their basic electronic components. There are a lot of known components—easily over several dozen—but we’ll cover the five most common (and arguably most important) ones for now:

1. Capacitors
2. Resistors
3. Diodes
4. Relays
5. Quartz Crystals

Capacitors

A capacitor, as we mentioned earlier, can be considered a load-type element in a circuit. It’s a passive, two-terminal electronic component that basically stores energy electrostatically—which basically refers to electric charges at rest. A capacitor is similar to a battery in the sense that it stores electricity. However, it isn’t a voltage source. Unlike a battery, it’s capable of charging and discharging the electric energy in a split second.

What is it made of?

• Two electrical conductors/plates
• One insulator (dielectric)
• Two electrical connections

How does it work?

There are two electrical conductors or plates (typically made of conductive material like aluminum foil) separated by an insulator (a dielectric made of non-conductive material, like glass, paper, or ceramic). They have two protruding electrical connections that can be used to fix the electronic component in a circuit.

When voltage is applied over the two plates—or they’re connected directly to a voltage source—an electric field develops across the insulator. This, in turn, causes both plates to accumulate charges: one positive, one negative.

When this happens, the capacitor then has a charge that it is capable of holding on to even if it’s disconnected from the source. Once it’s connected to another load, the stored energy in the capacitor can then flow to that load.

Related Terms

Capacitance

Capacitance refers to the amount of energy a capacitor is capable of storing. The higher the capacitance, the more energy it can store. Capacitance can be increased by:

• moving the conductive plates closer together
• increasing the size of the conductive plates
• enhancing the dielectric’s insulating qualities

Resistors

As their name suggests, resistors are basically electrical components that can resist the flow of the current. Another two-terminal device that is found in practically every electrical circuit, resistors are perhaps the simplest in design and function.

What is it made of?

• One (1) copper wire
• One (1) insulating material

How does it work?

A copper wire is wrapped around an insulating material—typically a ceramic rod—as many times as needed, with the number of turns and the thinness of the wire being directly proportional to the electronic component’s resistance. By forcing the current to flow through the wire, the resistor is able to control the voltage.

Think of the voltage-current passing through the copper wire as water flowing through a pipe. Long thin pipes allow much less water to flow through compared to pipes that are shorter and wider. Similarly, a current passing through a thin wire will slow down considerably due to the electrons lacking sufficient room to travel. And as the wire continues to wrap around and around, more electrons are left behind or forced to stop, significantly reducing the resulting voltage.

Resistors are necessary for controlling voltage and keeping the current at safe levels. This, in turn, prevents the equipment from potentially overheating.

Related Terms

Polarity. Resistors are blind to circuit polarity (aka the positive/negative charges), so the current can flow in either direction.

Resistor-Capacitor. Resistors, when used in combination with capacitors, are capable of suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI) or Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in certain instruments. These components are known as resistor-capacitor arrays.

Diodes

Just like resistors and capacitors, diodes are two-terminal electronic components that allow electric currents to flow in only one direction. Think of them as the one-way streets of electric circuits. So going back to the different element categories, diodes are basically conducting path elements.

There are two common types of diodes; semiconductor diodes and vacuum tube diodes.

In terms of practical application, diodes are most commonly used to convert Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). But they’re also good for providing protection against sudden voltage spikes in electronics. A surge of voltage can happen when a power supply is suddenly interrupted, and this sudden burst of energy can sometimes damage the load. Connecting a diode across the inductive loads can suppress or subdue unexpected power surges.

What is it made of?

Semiconductor Diodes

• Semiconducting material
• Two (2) semiconductors (p-type and n-type)

Vacuum Tube Diodes

• One (1) sealed vacuum glass tube
• Two (2) electrodes (cathode and anode)

How does it work?

Semiconductor Diodes

Although semiconductor diodes are typically made of silicon, there are diodes out there that use other semiconducting materials like germanium and selenium. These types of diodes are also known as p-n junction diodes because they use both a p-type semiconductor (positive) and an n-type semiconductor (negative).

A semiconductor or p-n junction diode works in such a way that the extra electrons from the n-type semiconductor combine with the holes in the p-type semiconductor when both elements are brought together. This reaction causes a depletion zone with no free holes or electrons. 

Usually, an electric current is typically capable of flowing through both semiconductors. However, this depletion zone makes it so that no current, regardless of strength or charge, can flow through it—and, by extension, the diode.

Vacuum Diode

A vacuum diode is made of two electrodes—a cathode and an anode—placed inside a vacuum-sealed glass tube.

By heating the cathode with a filament, a cloud of electrons—also called a space charge—forms inside the vacuum. This space charge effectively repels any further electrons that are typically emitted from the cathode, stopping them from reaching the other electrode (the anode). Ergo, the current flow is halted.

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It starts up again when the anode is made positive, effectively canceling out the cloud of electrons.

It’s worth noting that in a vacuum tube diode, the electric current always flows from the cathode to the anode, and never the other way around.

Related Terms

Forward-Bias. In a semiconductor diode, current can flow through the junction again when the battery of an electric circuit is connected to the respective semiconductors (in other words, negative terminal to the n-type and positive terminal to the p-type).

Reverse-Bias. With respect to the forward-bias process, the reverse-bias process happens when the terminals are reversed—as in, negative terminal to p-type semiconductor, positive terminal to n-type. This pushes the holes and electrons away from each other, further widening the depletion zone.

AC to DC Conversion. This is arguably the most important—and most common—application of a diode. When an Alternating Current (AC) power supply is run through a diode, only half of the AC waveform actually passes through. This process, in turn, steadily produces continuous Direct Current (DC) without any ripples.

Relays

Relays are basically electromagnetic switches that can open and close circuits through electromechanical or electronic means. They’re typically used to regulate low currents in a control circuit, but they can also be used in circuits with higher electric currents.

As an electronic component, a relay is sort of a lever. It doesn’t need a lot of power to operate, which means you can leverage it against another circuit with larger amounts of current. 

There are two types of relays: electromechanical relays (EMRs) and solid-state relays (SSRs).

What is it made of?

Electromechanical Relay (EMR)

• One (1) frame
• One (1) coil (typically copper wire)
• One (1) armature
• Spring
• Contacts

Solid-State Relay (SSR)

• One (1) input circuit
• One (1) control circuit
• One (1) output circuit

How does it work?

Electromechanical Relay

An EMR is made up of a frame, a coil, an armature, a spring, and conducting parts known as contacts. The frame basically holds all the other parts of the electronic component in place. The armature acts as the moving part of a relay switch. It’s moved by a magnetic field generated by the coil—which is typically a copper wire—wound around a metal rod. The contacts then open and close the circuit accordingly.

A power supply energizes the coil and metal rod to create the magnetic field that moves the armature. The magnetic field magnetizes the coil, in turn causing it to attract a ferrous plate mounted on the armature (and effectively move it). When the current stops, the magnetic field subsides. The coil stops attracting the plate and the armature is released back into its resting position thanks to the spring. 

EMRs can have single or multiple conducting parts or contacts.

Solid-State Relays

SSRs are composed entirely of circuits; a control circuit, an input circuit, and an output circuit. The input circuit is activated only when a voltage higher than the relay’s specified pickup voltage is applied. Conversely, any voltage lower than the relay’s specified minimum amount deactivates it.

The control circuit, on the other hand, takes the signal from the input circuit and transfers it to the output circuit. So think of the input circuit as the coil in an EMR. The output circuit, in turn, performs the electronic component’s specified action (typically switching or activating the connected load). This makes it the equivalent of the contacts in an EMR.

Solid-state relays are quickly becoming a fan favorite due to how simpler, cheaper, and considerably faster they are compared to electromechanical relays.

Related Terms

Single Break (SB) Circuits & Double Break (DB) Circuits. Electromechanical relays can have single or multiple contacts. Circuits that use only one contact are called Single Break circuits, or SB circuits. Double Break, or DB circuits, are ones that use two contacts. SB circuits are typically used for low-power devices. DB circuits, on the other hand, are more suited to high-power ones.

Normally Closed (NC) & Normally Opened (NO) Relay. EMRs and SSRs are either Normally Closed (NC) or Normally Opened (NO) relays. NC relays refer to electronic components that have contacts that remain closed when there is no power supply. NO relays, on the other hand, use contacts that remain open without a power supply.

Quartz Crystals

As a naturally occurring form of silicon, quartz is a natural semiconductor. So although quartz crystals do have a dozen or so applications in electronics, they’re most commonly known—and used—as resonators. They’re one of the rare few natural materials that can exhibit the piezoelectric effect or the process of producing vibrations to generate a voltage. 

Because the demand for quartz crystals is quite high, people have taken to synthetically producing them in large quantities.

What is it made of?

• Synthetically manufactured crystals

OR

• Naturally occurring crystals

How does it work?

By applying pressure on one side of the crystal, vibrations start to take place. These vibrations eventually generate an AC voltage that travels across the crystal.

This piezoelectric effect also makes quartz crystals an ideal oscillator. The resulting electronic signal happens at a precise frequency, depending on the cut and size of the crystal. The reliability of this electronic component makes it an almost non-negotiable element in microprocessors and radio frequency equipment.

Quartz crystals can be cut into hexagons with end pyramids. However, rectangular slabs have proven to be an easier, more practical cut. As rectangular slabs, quartz crystals can then be placed between two metal holding plates for better security. Other common quartz cuts are cylinders, squares, and full rectangles.

Conclusion

To recap here is what we covered:

Table of contents:

• Electronic Circuits
• Elements of an Electronic Circuit
  • Conducting Path
  • Voltage Source
  • Load
• Type of Electronic Circuits
  • Closed Circuit
  • Open Circuit
  • Integrated Circuit
  • Short Circuit
  • Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)
• Electronic Components
  • Capacitors
  • Resistors
  • Diodes
  • Relays
  • Quartz Crystals

As we mentioned earlier, there are definitely more than five electronic components that make up a typical electronic circuit. But these five—capacitors, resistors, diodes, relays, and quartz crystals—are the simplest and most common of them, by far.

Whether you have a vested interest in understanding how they work or you’re just satisfying your curiosity, it’s always good to start with the basics.

For professional electronic engineers and casual hobbyists, a solid grasp of the fundamentals before diving into the more complex structures is absolutely necessary.

If you have any questions about purchasing the best electronic components for your needs please don’t hesitate to contact us and check out our online store!

Electronic Components

Electronic Components play an important role in understanding the workings of electrical circuits. The application of electronic science is widely growing due to the large variety of electronic components. Most of the success in the electronic field over electricity is due to various characteristics of components, like nonlinear performance, integration, cost, and size of the electronic components.

If you observe any electronic circuit, there are only five varieties of Electronic Components. The circuit may appear complicated because several different components, but each type belongs to any of these five types. Electronic Components are classified into two groups Passive Components and active components. In this article, we will learn about the electronic components and applications of electronic components.

In this article, We will be going Through what is an Electronic Component, we will go through Types of Electronic Components which are classified as Passive and Active elements, and then we will look at their respective Symbols. At last, we will through its Functions, Advantages, and Disadvantages with its Applications.

What is an Electronic Component?

Electronic components are the elements of the circuit which help in its functioning the electrical circuit. Electronic components are the basic building blocks of an electronic circuit any electronic system or any electronic device. They can control the flow of electrons in an electronic system or electronic circuit. Electronic components are very small. So that they are easy to carry them from one place to another place. The cost of electronic components is also low. Electronic components consist of two or more terminals. When a group of electronic components is connected together in an electronic board such as a printed circuit board (PCB), a useful electronic circuit is formed. Each electronic component in a circuit performs a particular task. They can be classified into two types Active and Passive Components.

Types of Electronic Components

An electrical circuit is an interconnection of Electronic Components. Based on their capability to generate energy these elements are classified into active or passive electronic Components.

Electronic Components are classified into two groups:

• Passive Components
• Active components

Passive Components

Passive components are electronic devices that don’t need an external power source to operate actively. They mainly resist, store, or control the flow of electric current or voltage in a circuit without actively amplifying or generating signals. These Passive components belongs to inactive functions of components, these Passive components do not have capacity to amplify the voltage or to rectify the supply. Without these components assembly of electronic circuit is not possible.

• Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors are called as passive components.
• Other Passive components include transformers, diodes, thermistors, varactors, transducers, and many other common components. These components are available as through-hole and components, and many are available in common packages with standard land patterns.

Resistors

• Resistors control the flow of current by offering resistance. They are used to limit current, divide voltage, and set biasing conditions in electronic circuits.
• Resistors are again classified into fixed type and variable type components.
• A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical device that resists the flow of current. It is probably the simplest element in an electronic circuit. It is also one of the most common components as resistance is an inherent element of nearly all electronic circuits. They are usually color-coded.
• Resistors have plenty of applications, but the three most common ones are managing current flow, dividing voltage, and resistor-capacitor networks.

Capacitors

• Capacitors store and release electrical energy. They are commonly used for decoupling, filtering, and energy storage in electronic circuits.
• Capacitors are again classified into fixed type and variable type components.
• The capacitor continues to hold its charge even if you disconnect it from the source. The moment you connect it to a load, the stored energy will flow from the capacitor to the load.
• Capacitance is the amount of energy stored in a capacitor. The higher the capacitance, the more energy it can store. You can increase the capacitance by moving the plates closer to each other or increasing their size.

Inductors

• Inductors store and release magnetic energy. They are used for applications such as filtering, energy storage, and impedance matching
• An inductor, also known as a reactor, is a passive component of a circuit having two terminals. This device stores energy in its magnetic field, returning it to the circuit whenever required.
• Whenever the current passes through a wire, it creates a magnetic field. However, the unique shape of the inductor leads to the creation of a much stronger magnetic field. This powerful magnetic field, in turn, resists alternating current, but it lets direct current flow through it. This magnetic field also stores energy.
• Inductors are again classified into Air core, Iron core and Ferrite core components.

Active Components

Active components are electronic devices that need an external power source to work. They actively control and manipulate the flow of electric current in a circuit. These components can amplify, switch, or generate electrical signals. These components are capable of performing active functions like amplification, rectification and switching they are called as active components. They are classified into two groups

• The different types of active components include:
• Diode, Transistor, Integrated circuit are called as active components.
• Electron tubes like vacuum tubes like Diodes, triode.
• Semiconductor devices like diodes, LED, Transistor etc.

Diodes

• Diodes allow current to flow in one direction while blocking it in the opposite direction. They are used for rectification, signal modulation, and switching applications.
• Diode blocks electric current when it is Reverse biased.
• Diode allows electric current when it is Forward biased.
• Examples include transistors, integrated circuits (ICs), and sensors that require power to perform their functions.

Transistors

• Transistor is an electronic component that amplifies electrical signals.
• They are commonly used in amplifiers, digital logic circuits, and voltage regulators.
• Transistors function as both, switches and amplifiers in most electronic circuits. Designers often use a transistor as a switch because unlike a simple switch, it can turn a small current into a much larger one.
• Transistors are often hooked up with logic gates to build a unique piece of an arrangement called a flip-flop.
• A Transistor can store a zero when it’s off or a one when it’s on, which is the working principle of computers.

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

• An integrated circuit (IC) is a small semiconductor chip on which millions of electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and transistors are fabricated.
• The integrated circuit function is mainly to offer high-level functions and tasks like amplification, complex digital calculations i.e. microprocessors, and signal processing.
• The sole purpose of ICs is to increase the efficiency of the electronic devices, while reducing their size and manufacturing cost.

Working of Electronic Components

Electronic Components play an key role in working of electrical circuits. Every component in electronic components has specific function in electrical circuit. Passive components in electronic components do not require an external power source to operate actively. They mainly resist, store, or control the flow of electric current or voltage in a circuit without actively amplifying or generating signals.

Resistor

• Working of Resistor include, It works on the principle of electrical resistance. It works mainly on resistance of an electrical circuit. Resistance has a property to opposes the flow of electric current.
• Resistor working principle can be explained using Ohm’s Law, which states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across it and it is inversely proportional to its resistance (R). Mathematically, Ohm’s Law is represented as follows : V = I * R.
• A resistor is an electronic component that limits the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is used to control the amount of current flowing through a circuit and to create voltage drops.
• A resistor absorbs energy when electrical current flows through it. The energy absorbed by the resistor is usually discharged in the form of heat.

Capacitor

• Capacitor is one of the basic components of the electric circuit, which can store electric charge in the form of electric potential energy. It consists of two conducting surfaces such as a plate or sphere, and some dielectric substance(air, glass, plastic, etc.) between them.
• A capacitor is an electronic component that stores and releases electrical energy. It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material. It can store charge and release it when needed, acting as a temporary energy storage device.
• Capacitors store the electrical energy and release in the form of electrical field.

Inductors

• Inductance is an electrical circuit attribute that opposes any change in current in the circuit. Electrical circuits have an intrinsic feature called inductance.
• The inductor supplies energy to the circuit to keep current flowing during the "off" switching periods and enables topographies where the output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
• Inductors store the electrical energy and release in the form of magnetic field.

Transformer

• Working of Transformer include ,The fundamental principle of how the transformer functions are mutual induction between the two coils or Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
• When a positive voltage is applied to base-emitter junction. it allows the flow of electrons from emitter to the base. The flow of electrons from the emitter to the base creates a path for majority charge carriers to flow from collector to the emitter.
• This controlled flow of holes from the collector to emitter constitutes the output current and it can be amplified based on current flowing into the base.
• Transformers are used to change the voltage in alternating current (AC) circuits by using electromagnetic induction.

Diodes

• Working of diode include, In the N-type region, the majority of charge carriers are electrons and the minority of charge carriers are holes. Whereas, In the P-type region, the majority of charge carriers are holes and the minority of charge carriers are electrons. Because of the concentration difference, the diffusion takes place in majority charge carriers and they recombine with the minority charge carriers which are then collected near the junction and this region is known as the Depletion Region.
• Diodes allow the flow of electric current in one direction only. They consist of a semiconductor material with a P-N junction.

Integrated Circuit

• Integrated circuits are a combination of diodes, microprocessors, and transistors in a minimized form on a wafer made of silicon. Each of these components has a specific function.
• These can perform calculations and multiple tasks when combined with each other Integrated circuits is used to that combine multiple electronic components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, into a single chip.
• An IC can be used as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, logic gate, computer memory, microcontroller or microprocessor.

Transistors

• The working of a transistor is based on the control of current flow between the emitter and collector by the current flowing into the base.
• When a positive voltage is applied to base-emitter junction. it allows the flow of electrons from emitter to the base.
• The flow of electrons from the emitter to the base creates a path for majority charge carriers to flow from collector to the emitter.
• This controlled flow of holes from the collector to emitter constitutes the output current and it can be amplified based on current flowing into the base.
• Transistors act as amplifiers or switches, work by controlling the flow of current between two terminals based on the third terminal's input voltage.

Circuit Symbols of Electronic Component

Function of Electronic Components

Functions of each electrical component are described below:

• Resistors
• Electric Switches
• Capacitors
• Magnetic or Inductive Components
• Diodes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuits or ICs

• Resistors : Function of Resistor is to limit and control the flow of current in circuit. resistors are mainly used to resist current. Resistor functions based on Ohm’s law. According to Ohm’s law, voltage applied across a resistor’s terminal has a direct proportion to the electrical current that flows via it. Resistors have variable or fixed resistances. Resistor functions when there is a need to control current flow at a desired level.
• Electric Switches : Electric Switch is a device that is used to break or complete an electric circuit. It helps in opening and closing the electrical circuit. When the electric switch is in "ON" position the circuit is complete and allows the current to pass through. When the electric switch is in "OFF" position it breaks the circuit and does not allow the current to flow in the circuit. Components that may be made to either conduct (closed) or not (open).
• Capacitors : The basic function of the capacitor is to store energy. Its common usage includes energy storage, voltage spike protection, and signal filtering. It is a electronic component that store electrical charge in an electrical field.
• Magnetic or Inductive Components : These electrical component functions according to the Inductance law by Faraday. According to this law, a current passes into its coil and from its left to right. In this case, the coil produces a magnetic field. These are Electrical components that use magnetism. An inductor resists changes in a current.
• Diodes : Diodes are widely used in modern-day circuits to secure circuits from over-voltage and they are also used to change AC current to DC current. Diodes are electronic components that conduct electricity in only one direction.
• Transistors : The function of transistors is ,in electric circuits or electrical systems it usually functions as an amplifier or a switching device. A transistor can build complex electrical systems. It is a semiconductor device capable of amplification.
• Integrated Circuits or ICs : Function of an integrated circuit is ,it can act as a microprocessor, oscillator, and timer. This component is the foundation of several devices like computers, cell phones, and more. For example IA microelectronic computer circuit incorporated into a chip or semiconductor; a whole system rather than a single components.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Components

Each electronic component has its own Advantages and Disadvantages:

Electronic Component

Advantages

Disadvantages

Resistor

• It is used to control voltage and current in electrical circuit.
• Low cost.
• It Provide precise resistance value
• Widely available in Market.

• It produces heat when current flow in it.
• It does not store energy.

Capacitor

• It stores electrical energy in it.
• It is used in timing circuits.
• It is used to stabilize voltage in circuit.

• It stores limited energy only.
• It may leak its charge over time.

Inductor

• It stores electrical energy in it.
• It is used in transformers.
• It is used to stabilize voltage in circuit.

• It can be heavy.
• It causes voltage spikes when current in the circuit changes.

Transformer

• It is used in changing the voltage.
• It offers isolation between input and output in circuits.

• It can be heavy
• It is only limited to AC circuits.

Transistor

• It acts a amplifier or switch in circuit.
• It acts as a key component in amplifiers.

• It requires proper configuration.
• It is sensitive to environmental factors.

Integrated Circuit (IC)

• It combines multiple electronic components.
• It reduces component size
• It reduces power consumption.

• It is complex to troubleshoot.
• It offers limited customization.

Diode

• It allows current in only one direction.
• It is used for rectifying AC circuit to DC circuit.
• It protects circuit from reverse voltage.

• It limits to only one-way current flow.
• It drops voltage across the diode.

Applications of Electronic Components

• Electronic components are used for Industrial automation and motion control.
• Electronic components are used for Machine learning, motor drive control.
• Electronic components are used for Mechatronics and robotics.
• Electronic components are used for Power converting technologies, Photo voltaic systems.
• Electronic components are used for Renewable energy applications, Power electronics, and Biomechanics.
• Electronic components are used in Aerospace & Defense and Medical Devices like Advanced devices are being implemented for recording the data.

Conclusion

We have learnt about the electronic components ,and we have seen the classification of electronic components, These resistance, inductance, and capacitance are called passive circuit electronic components and they do not transfer electrical energy. On the other hand, there are active electronic components like voltage and current sources which transfer electrical energy to the circuits. we have also learnt the applications of electronic components in our daily life.