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There’s a lot of information out there about conduit system. Hey, understanding the supplying electric power is a critical part of your home or utility improving strategy. But what about PVC electrical conduit?
Using the right and compliant material in a conduit system is a foundation form in and of itself — and if you don’t do it well, then you may cause fatal accidents. The wrong conduit can damage the conductors in your electrical raceway system. Extreme cases of electric malfunction include electric shock, electric fire and power outages.
Between and , 628 electrical workers died from electrocution. Workers in the construction industry made up 56% of those deaths. 35% of them had jobs in the installation, maintenance and repair industries. Protect workers on the job by ensuring they’re using the right conduit.
So, let’s see about making it better now, shall we? In this post, I’ll share with you all the basics about PVC electrical conduit.
Key Points
1. What is PVC electrical conduit?
2. What is the difference between PVC conduit and PVC pipe?
3. How PVC conduit works and what are the advantages in applications?
4. What size does PVC conduit come in?
5. Can PVC be recycled?
6. What are PVC conduit fittings and their functions?
1. What is PVC electrical conduit?
PVC stands for Polyvinylchloride which is a tenacious chemically resistant synthetic resin. It has been a widely used plastic material to protect power in houses, telecommunications and utilities since . A PVC electrical conduit is commonly known as a white rigid PVC tube for threading and protecting wires from corrosion and electrical leakage.
The most basic of the home improving is the installation of wire layout. In order to protect the wire when designing the system, we will use PVC electrical conduit. Since the wire thickness is different, PVC electrical conduit is also divided into different size specifications to adapt to the arrangement.
PVC electrical conduit stops burning and electrical leak, resists corrosion, moisture and sunlight, so it is especially suitable for outdoor projects where it is used to protect wires and workers.
2. What is the difference between PVC pipe and PVC conduit ?
These 2 words are fairly similar. Although PVC pipe and PVC conduit are both made from the same plastic, they are not the same thing and should not be used for the same applications. Each of them should only be used in appropriate environment and not be exchangeable. PVC pipes are generally used in plumbing applications and PVC conduits are generally used in electrical applications.
Why is that? The following are 5 main differences between PVC pipe and PVC conduit.
- Pressure test: PVC pipe is tested for pressure and that’s why it is also called as PVC pressure pipe. The pressure rating is normally printed on PVC pipes. Water runs through PVC pipes hence it should withstand water pressure and that’s why are tested and rated for pressure. On the other hand, conduit is the term applied to PVC pipe that are made for electrical wiring and conduits are not tested for pressure. So PVC conduit is not approved for use in the plumbing system because the lack of pressure testing makes the probabilities of leaking higher.
- Wall thickness: PVC pipes have thicker walls compared to PVC conduits. The added thickness ensures that the pipe is strong enough to resist bending and that it will remain undamaged and intact. Whereas PVC conduit is not required to withstand pressure so their walls are not thick and also that simply wouldn’t be a cost effective design for manufacturers.
- Color: PVC pipe that is used for plumbing is usually white whereas electrical PVC conduit is usually grey.
- Ultraviolet degradation: plumbing PVC pipe is mainly situated underground or indoors. It will degrade when exposed to ultraviolet light for prolonged periods of time. Therefore it is not suitable to use it in exposed area applications like rooftops. They tend to become brittle and get cracked when exposed. On the other hand, PVC conduit is tested and rated for UV exposure which means it’s suitable for outdoor applications in which electrical cables need to be run across rooftops or up the sides of buildings.
- Pipe tapering: plumbing PVC pipe requires couples and PVC cement to join individual pieces together. Whereas electrical PVC conduit typically has a flared ends that allows for individual pipes to be easily attached to one another without the use of coupler.
Now you know PVC pipe is used to carry water in plumbing works and PVC conduit is primarily used in house for wiring or can be used in locations where it will be exposed to UV rays.
3. How PVC conduit works and what are the advantages in applications?
Conduit is often used as a term to describe a system that contains a series of electrical conductors. The following are the mechanisms of its capability:
- To connect different conduit sections.
- To provide spaces and create taps and splices in conductors.
- To create 90° bends and taps for conduit runs.
- To provide access for scheduled and accidental maintenance.
- To act as pull outlets for the installed conductors.
PVC electrical conduit is commonly used in corrosive environments. It is installed using PVC fittings that are directly glued in place. The normative glue job makes fittings and conduit watertight hence PVC is really suitable for a quick burial on the grounds and underground.
Here are the advantages of using PVC conduit in applications:
- Commonly available in various wall thicknesses.
- More cost effective than other conduits like EMT (electrical metal tubing) or IMC (intermediate metal conduit).
- More lightweight, versatile, and easy to install.
- Works perfectly in concrete or wet locations.
4. What size does PVC conduit come in?
The main dimension of PVC conduit is the wall thickness. Since different wall thicknesses are beneficial in different situations, the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) came up with the schedule 40 and 80 system for classifying the two common types: Schedule 40 and Schedule 80.
In March , the American Standards Association surveyed industry and created a system that designated wall thicknesses based on smaller steps between sizes. The designation known as nominal pipe size replaced iron pipe size, and the term schedule (SCH) was invented to specify the nominal wall thickness of pipe. Under this rule, pipe and conduit are the same.
Ctube offers schedule 40 PVC conduits and schedule 80 PVC conduits as well as fittings and other accessories at highly competitive prices. Here are the Ctube’s product size sheet of Sch. 40 & 80 PVC conduit:
If you plan to do home repair, then Schedule 40 PVC can be the way to go. If your work is industrial or chemical outdoors, you may need to use Schedule 80. These applications may result in higher pressures and stresses on the material, so thicker walls are a must.
Electrical conduit provides a high protection to sealed conductors from impact, moisture, and chemical vapors. To simplify construction, we often pull different quantities, sizes and types of conductors into a single conduit. This design is not only simple, but also reduces the cost of multiple runs and composite cables. If you’re interested in Ctube PVC products, please feel free to contact us and inquiry.
5. Can PVC be recycled?
PVC can be recycled, but the cost of recycling is too high.
PVC, like other plastics, is often accompanied by many impurities after it is eliminated and used, and needs to be sorted before it can be recycled. Earlier methods of physical recycling and combustion recycling have been eliminated. The former recovered plastic materials are not of high quality because they are difficult to sort. The latter is harmful to the environment because many harmful gases are released in the process of burning PVC to pollute the environment. Therefore, only chemical recycling methods can be used to do this at present. Chemical recycling can obtain a higher quality of recovery, but the cost is high.
BTW, the recent crazy increase of crude oil price has greatly affected the price of plastic raw materials, so recycling is a trend in the future.
Secondly, the quality of recycled PVC is not as good as the brand new material. So it can only be used in some low-demand occasions, such as shoe soles, agricultural drainage pipes, etc.
From the electrical PVC conduit industry, recycled material has another layer of meaning. By recycled material we usually mean that after the first injection or extrusion, there may be some quality problems that lead to the scrapping of the product. In order not to waste raw materials, the process of remixing these raw materials for use is called recycling. It is different from the meaning of recycled raw material above, which can be said to be the raw material for the second processing.
Of course, what is described above is an ideal situation. It should be better if the raw materials are only circulated within the factory. Some factories buy this recycled material and mix it with a certain percentage of brand new material, which is indistinguishable in appearance, but its physical properties are very different from the material made of 100% brand new material. This is why Ctube has insisted on using brand new materials for over 10 years of production. We have never had any complaints from our customers in this regard.
6. What are PVC conduit fittings and their functions?
When we need to change the orientation of the PVC conduit, we need to use connectors to attach it to different size boxes or enclosures. Straps and clips are needed when our conduit needs additional support. These parts that are used to connect the wire conduit together and attach the end of the conduit to the box, enclosure or electrical device are collectively called PVC conduit fittings. Their sizes and shapes should comply to the appropriate regulations.
Section 110-3 of the NEC requires that all fittings be labeled and meet the relevant construction and performance standards. If you are in doubt about choosing fittings, feel free to contact us for suggestions.
PVC conduit fittings are listed as follows based on how they function:
Conduit Bodies and Juction Boxes
Conduit bodies and junction boxes are made to fit threaded rigid conduit in every size from half-inch all the way up to 4-inch. These are tubular or square components with openings at each end for admitting conduits, and providing easy access to the cables. It allows more space for electrical conductors to bend (often 90 degrees). They are marked with the purposes they are rated to serve, as well as the internal volume.
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Bends and Elbows
PVC bend/elbow is designed to turn the run of a conduit (commonly 45 degrees and 90 degrees). It’s created to save time, equipment and labor cost. You can change the direction of a conduit run with pre-fabricated bends/elbows and they are available in a large range of lengths and curvatures.
Coupling
Conduit couplings securely connect different lengths and diameters of conduits or bends together. They have internal threads. They are small parts that connect or “couple” one part to another, usually permanently. They can connect conduit to conduit and conduit to fittings.
Bushings and Locknuts
Bushings create a smooth entry point to conduits without any sharp edges, protecting the conductors from damage during wire pulls. Locknuts are nuts screwed down hard on another to prevent it from slacking back and threaded on the inside, with teeth on one surface or both, which grip the surface. Both of them protect conductors from damage when pulling. They are also very important when the conduit system enters the enclosure or pull box.
Unions
Unions can come in handy when couplings are difficult to install. They come in three head types, male head, female head or both. The unions can be mounted on the end of a conduit and secured together by nuts.
Reducers
PVC reducer is also a fitting used to connect two different sizes of PVC conduits, connecting the larger one to the smaller one. It is more suitable for conditions where space is tight compared to pull boxes. When connecting two conduits with a reducer, you also need to use adhesive, rubber rings or reducing washer to achieve a leak-free connection. PVC reducers are available in two types: eccentric and concentric.
Straps and Clips
Straps and clips can be useful when we need to fasten conduit to floors, beams, ceilings or walls. If screws and bolts are available, the straps can be used to secure the conduit to the ceiling so that it does not fall due to gravity. Clips are found in all manner of household, industrial and outdoor settings. They’re used as an efficient and tidy way to support, restrain, secure and guide conduit for electrical purposes.
Conclusion
These are all the basics about PVC conduit and fittings. Over 90% of electrical engineers around the world now know these like the back of their hand. Only by knowing these well will you be able to choose the right materials for your electrical projects and thus effectively avoid accidents. Genuinely in the electrical industry, you make the right choice and you save the lives of workers. Of course, there are many credible blogs out there sharing relevant information, try checking and verifying this post.
Why not try to make a DIY project with conduit and fittings? That way you won’t read this post today and forget about it tomorrow. Feel free to challenge. We’re sure you’ll be successful and you’ll be impressed with all of this knowledge. This could be an important milestone on your way to becoming a professional engineer or purchasing manager. Your boss and customers will trust you more because you are skilled in basics.
“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn.”
– Benjamin Franklin
Given the wide variety of pipe materials available, how do engineers and contractors select the right one for their diverse project applications? What are the best materials for different systems, for various soil types, and for different pressure levels?
The most common materials for the manufacture of water main pipes and fittings are metal (cast iron, ductile iron, steel, and copper), clay and concrete pipe (vitrified clay, reinforced concrete, and asbestos cement), and plastics (PVCs, HDPE, and fiberglass). The most common pipe diameter for water mains is 6 to 16 inches, with 8, 10, and 12 inches also being used. Branch lines providing service to individual homes, offices, buildings, and businesses vary in size from as small as half an inch in diameter up to 6 inches. Pipe wall thickness (a chief defining characteristic for determining a pipe’s structural strength and pressure rating) is measured differently by different types of materials, but is usually expressed as a ratio of the wall thickness to the pipe’s diameter. The question remains, what type of pipe material and size (or combination of several pipes in a distribution system) is best for which system? And what are those systems?
FORCE MAINS AND WATER SUPPLY PIPES
Waster distribution systems consist of either force mains or gravity sewers. The first rely on applied pressure heads induced by water pumps to generate flow in the pipes. The second rely on gravity (and the fact that the water runs downhill) to allow for water flows. Force mains tend to be smaller in diameter since the applied pressure can cause high-flow velocities even in small diameter pipes.
Water supply force mains usually get their applied pressure head directly from the elevation difference between the user and the community’s elevated water storage tank. Though this utilizes gravity feed, it is not an example of gravity flow since pumps were used to put the water into the elevated tank in the first place. The pressure is measured in feet of head by the elevation difference between the water level in the elevated storage tank and the spigot at the user’s household. With water’s density of 62.43 pcf, one foot of water head is equivalent to 0.43 psi. The available driving head is further reduced by in-line losses to friction (based on the roughness or smoothness of the pipe’s interior wall), flow velocity (based on the pipe’s interior diameter), and minor head losses imposed by fixtures and appurtenances (pipe bends, tees, valves, meters, flanges, etc.). The resultant head pressure within the pipe has to be contained by the pipe wall itself without rupturing or cracking and by all of the joints and fixtures connecting the pipe line segments.
Pipes can be damaged by other factors besides internal pressure. One such potential impact is water hammer. This is the shock that occurs when water flow under pressure is suddenly stopped by closing a valve, or when water flow abruptly changes direction as in a pipe bend. A strong enough water hammer can cause a pipe to break or even explode. Water hammer can be minimized by ensuring pipe flow velocities are less than 5 feet per second (fps) or by the installation of air traps, stand pipes, air release valves, vacuum relief valves, and water hammer arresters. The impact of water hammer at pipe bends can be minimized by reinforcing them with concrete thrust blocks or mechanical joint restraints (such as metal rings attached to the pipe and dead-bolted into an adjacent fixed structure). The dead weight of the blocks or tensile strength of the restraining rings will prevent the pipe bend from becoming dislocated or even broken.
The potential for pipe breakage in any pipeline is primarily a function of the material characteristics of the pipe materials and how they respond to applied internal and external forces. Certain pipe materials will be too brittle. Others will be chemically unsafe to use in water supply applications. Other pipe materials can only be effectively used as large diameter pipes.
GRAVITY FLOW SEWERS
Gravity sewers are the other primary use of pipelines in public spaces. Gravity sewers are networks of underground pipelines that carry stormwater to discharge at natural bodies of water and transmit sewage to a wastewater treatment facility (though both may use intermediate pump stations to overcome flat topography and loss of flow gradient). In both cases, flows are driven by gravity and elevational differences along the length of the pipes that have been installed with a sloping gradient. These pipe networks consist of many branch pipelines that feed into a central sewer main that carries the bulk of the accumulated flows to its final destination.
Sewers are sized and designed to carry flows in essentially an “open-channel” flow condition, at least until the depth of flow in the pipe increases to the pipe’s diameter. The diameter of the sewer pipe typically exceeds the diameter of a force main or a water supply pipeline carrying the same flows since the force mains have additional energy supplied by the applied pressure. However, sewers do need a minimum designed flow velocity to ensure that it remains self-cleaning and prevents the accumulation of sediment and debris that could clog the pipe (typically 2 to 2.5 fps).
Because of the need to maintain smooth flow grades even in variable terrain, the excavation depths needed to install a sewer pipe in its trench can be significant. Given the potentially large quantities of flow that sewers must carry, their diameters must be proportionally large. Having to install them in urban environments with their potential for traffic disruption and presence of existing buried utilities adds to the difficulty of building a sewer network. Together, these factors can add up to significant construction and installation costs. Their depth and size make them less susceptible to loads from vehicle impacts and vibrations. But they are more vulnerable to damage from earth movements which misalign the pipes, causing cracks and dislocated joints. And difficulty of access can make operations and maintenance more difficult.
METAL PIPES
Cast Iron Pipe was the original metal pipe used for most urban water main construction throughout the 20th century until the s. Cast iron can still be found in the older sections of urban water distribution systems. It was relatively easy to manufacture and install. However, it is very brittle, making it prone to cracking and structural breakage. Since all urban water mains are subject to displacement from earth movements and impact loads from heavy truck traffic, the expected lifetime of a cast iron pipe is relatively short. Each applies a bending moment to the pipe length, which can cause it to crack and rupture. Additional damage occurs to cast iron water mains as a result of freezing temperatures and expanding ice within the water mains.
Ductile Iron Pipe was designed to replace cast iron pipe and has largely done so. Ductile iron pipe is more flexible, stronger, and less brittle than cast iron. Therefore, it can handle shocks from impacts and vibrations better and is less susceptible to failure from freezing conditions. However, both types of iron pipe are susceptible to corrosion over time which can weaken joint connections and effectively thin a pipe wall. To guard against corrosion, the interior walls of ductile iron pipe are often lined with a coating of applied cement mortar. This isolates the metal pipe walls from the water it is carrying. Its resistance to pressure and structural strength make it an ideal choice for water force mains.
Steel Pipe is more costly than ductile iron pipe; it is also inherently resistant to rust and corrosion and is lighter and stronger. Joints can be made by welding pipe ends together, ensuring overall pipeline strength. One problem it has is a susceptibility to temperature-induced strains. With a higher coefficient of thermal expansion, steel pipe increases more with hotter temperatures and contracts more with colder temperatures. Contractors and engineers have to take this into account when designing and installing a steel pipeline network to prevent potential buckling of the pipe lengths. However, its greater strength allows for the manufacture of larger diameter pipes capable of carrying greater flow rates.
Copper Pipe is used to make the final run from the water main to the households and businesses receiving the water. This use of copper continues on into the house with all of the household’s plumbing pipes and fixtures. Specifically, Type K copper piping is used for connection lines from the water main. This has a thicker pipe wall thickness and a higher pressure rating than other commercially available copper pipe (Type L and Type M). Copper is relatively soft, easy to manipulate, and forms into pipes and fixtures of variable sizes and shapes. This makes for ease of installation, simplicity of joint welding connection, and resistance to freezing. Copper lines can be thawed or prevented from freezing in the first place by the application of mild electrical current through the conductive copper pipe.
Reinforced Concrete Pipe is the commonly used cement-derived pipe material. However, reinforced concrete is difficult to mold into pipes with thin walls and/or small diameters. Concrete by itself is relatively strong in compression but weak in tension. So, an applied load to the pipeline can cause a bending moment of part or all of its length. The resultant “bending” of the pipeline, no matter how small, creates tension in the bottom portion of the pipe wall. This causes tension cracking unless reinforced with steel bars or mesh. These characteristics and its inherent strength in both compression and tension (due to its steel reinforcement) make it ideal for large diameter water transmission pipelines and gravity flow sewers and manholes. So reinforced concrete pipelines will be used in the main connectors and aqueducts connecting a water supply reservoir with the city utilizing the water. Reinforced concrete pipe can be as large as 20 feet in diameter.
Reinforced concrete pipe was first manufactured in the US in the early 20th century. There are five basic methods for manufacturing: wet castings, centrifugal/spinning, dry cast, packer head, and tamp-entail. Wet cast uses a concrete mix that is wetter than the other methods (concrete slump less than 4 inches). This method is typically used for the production of large diameter pipes and more complex fittings that require a highly flowable concrete mix to fill all the nooks and spaces in the casting mold. The need for the concrete to set reduces the number of pieces that can be produced by a single mold during the manufacturing process. The other methods utilize a drier concrete mix with zero slump and higher density. All of the dry cast methods utilize some sort of applied low-frequency and high-amplitude vibration to cast the high-density concrete into its proper shape. These dry processes allow the pouring of multiple pieces without deformation, increasing the productivity of one mold. The pieces slip out of the mold and resemble hard clay and dry within an hour.
Asbestos Cement Pipe differs from regular concrete in that it consists of a mixed aqueous slurry consisting of four-fifths Portland cement and one-fifth long- and medium-grade chrysotile asbestos fibers. The slurry is dewatered by a rotary sieves cylinder which also serves as the pipe mold. Once dried and removed from the rotary cylinder, the asbestos pipe is cured in a low-temperature oven. The asbestos fibers act as the reinforcing material, removing the need for more expensive steel reinforcement.
Asbestos cement pipe was popular due to its many physical advantages (lightweight, not subject to corrosion or rust, ease of manufacture, lower cost, etc.). However, exposure to asbestos by both workers at the manufacturing plant and end-users getting their water supply through these pipes has been deemed environmentally hazardous and too great a danger to human health. Asbestos cement pipe has not been manufactured in the US since the s. Asbestos cement pipe is seldom used and typically removed.
PLASTIC PIPES
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe comes in two varieties: corrugated and solid-walled. Corrugated pipe can be joined into pipe lines by mechanically joining the ends of each pipe segment. Corrugated HDPE is normally used for storm drains and sanitary sewers. Solid-wall HDPE is joined together by butt-fusing the ends of the pipe segments together using applied heat and pressure. The result is an alignment welded joint that is actually stronger than the pipe itself. Fused HDPE is used for water lines and other force mains. In certain situations, such as pipelines carrying toxic chemicals or landfill leachate flowing outside a lined area of the landfill, the pipe is double walled with an interstitial space between the pipe walls. Conversely, fused HDPE can also be perforated or slotted so as to act as a collection drain pipe in French drains or in landfill leachate collection and extraction systems.
HDPE pipe is categorized by its SDR rating. “SDR” stands for “Standard Dimensional Ratio” and is equal to the normal outside diameter of the pipe and its pipe wall thickness. For example, an SDR-11 rated pipe would have an exterior diameter 11 times greater than its pipe wall thickness. With this rating system, pipes with lower SDR values would actually be stronger since their pipe wall thickness would be greater relative to its exterior diameter.
Typically installed in a trench, HDPE pipe strength against applied loads is considered to be partially a function of the surrounding backfill soil. As a non-rigid, non-pressurized pipe, the stability of the HDPE pipe should be considered as part of a soil/pipe system. Its potential for wall crushing, deflection, or other structural failure depends in large part on the backfill soil’s strength and measured by its soil modulus (calculated as the ratio of soil pressure to vertical soil strain at a specified in-place density). In addition to having to withstand static loads from backfill and overlaying pavement, HDPE pipes are designed to withstand applied impact loads. The standard impact load for design purposes is the H20 highway loading, which is based on a simulated 20-ton truck traffic and resultant impact. With a minimum 2 feet of cover, the H20 impact loading is equivalent to 900 pounds per square foot.
HDPE is manufactured from polyethylene resin using the extrusion technique. The PE resin and other admixtures are heated, mixed together, and extruded into the required shape, and made to hold that shape during the cooling process. The machine used to manufacture HDPE pipe is referred to as an extruder. Its job is to accept raw resin via a hopper feed, heat the resin with a thermocouple and heater band, mix the resin with a feeder screw, and push out the material through an appropriately sized die to create the pipe.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe is widely used for new water main applications. PVC pipe material is inexpensive, durable, and lightweight. Furthermore, it is corrosion resistant and nonreactive with most chemicals. Only ductile iron pipe is used as often for water main applications. PVC pipe is manufactured in a process similar to that used to make HDPE pipe which requires an extruder machine. Instead of HDPE resin, the first stage in the production of PVC pipe is the combination of ethylene and chlorine to produce an intermediate product called ethylene dichloride. This becomes the chemical feedstock of the PVC powder that is fed into the extruder.
PVC is categorized by its Schedule (SCH) ratings, with SCH 40 and SCH 80 being the most commonly used. PVC Schedule is a measurement of the pipe wall thickness. A larger Schedule rating indicates a thicker pipe wall. Both SCH 40 and SCH 80 pipes have the same outside diameters. With differing pipe wall thicknesses, the SCH 80 would have the smaller interior pipe diameter because of its thick pipe wall. This results in different pressure ratings for each type of PVC pipe. For example, a 4-inch-diameter SCH 80 PVC pipe has a pressure rating of 320 psi, compared to a 4-inch diameter SCH 40 PVC pipe which has a pressure rating of only 220 psi.
As a more rigid pipe, the strength of a PVC pipe is a result of the pipe itself. Pipe bedding strength characteristics are also important, but the PVC pipe is not considered to be a pipe/soil structural system like HDPE, irrespective of surrounding soil or backfill. Applied loads for PVC pipes buried less than 50 feet deep are typically determined by the Modified Iowa Formula. This formula calculates potential horizontal pipe deflection as a function of applied vertical stress, pipe wall thickness and its moment of inertia, the pipe radius, PVC modulus of elasticity, and the bedding soil modulus. A projected maximum deflection of 7% is considered to provide a 4 to 1 factor of safety against pipe crushing.
Fiberglass Pipe (a.k.a. Fiberglass Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic or “FRP”) is used for water mains, force mains, and large-diameter gravity sewers. Like HDPE and PVC, fiberglass pipe is corrosion-resistant. A common construction material, fiberglass is used in a wide variety of applications including insulation and the manufacture of storage tanks. Unlike HDPE and PVC, FRP is manufactured not by extrusion but by a winding process that combines epoxy resins with self-reinforcing continuous glass filaments. The result is a material that is both inherently strong and resistant to chemicals and heat. It is popular in oil and gas production applications where it can resist extreme temperature and pressure regimes.
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