Everything You Need to Know About Heat Pumps

The term "heat pump" refers to any system that can extract heat from a colder space and transfer it to a warmer one. For instance, refrigerators utilize heat pumps to remove heat from inside and expel it into your kitchen, while air conditioners also function similarly, drawing heat from your home and releasing it outside. Throughout this guide, the term "heat pump" will specifically denote HVAC equipment capable of both heating and cooling your home, essentially describing air conditioners that can reverse their operation, pulling heat from outside even in winter and bringing it inside.

Check now

We have developed this comprehensive guide because the type of system you choose to replace fossil fuels is critical. Climate advocates are promoting electric heat pumps aggressively, as they can generate two to three times more heat per unit of energy compared to traditional heating methods. In contrast, electric resistance heating is notoriously inefficient, and a widespread shift towards such systems could inadvertently escalate emissions in the near term, complicating efforts to decarbonize our economy in the long run. By selecting a heat pump, not only will you reduce emissions, but you will also help in diminishing the need for additional electricity generation, ultimately leading to a cleaner electric grid.

However, it's important to note that a poorly designed or incorrectly installed heat pump system can negate many of the advantages they provide. Whether you're interested in minimizing emissions, cutting down on energy bills, or enjoying the constant, quiet comfort that heat pumps offer, researching and collaborating with a skilled contractor is essential. In this article, we will discuss determining the right time to install heat pumps, understanding your options, dispelling myths surrounding heat pumps, finding qualified contractors, and much more.

THE EXPERT PANEL

Larry Waters is the founder and president of Electrify My Home, an HVAC contractor based in Northern California that specializes in heat pumps. With over four decades of experience in the HVAC sector, Waters is a recognized authority.

D.R. Richardson is a co-founder of Elephant Energy, a Boulder, Colorado-based startup dedicated to assisting homeowners in Colorado and Massachusetts transition to electric heating through innovative design and project management.

Jake Marin serves as the senior emerging opportunities manager for VEIC, a nonprofit focused on clean energy and energy efficiency programs across Vermont and D.C. He led VEIC's HVAC initiative for nearly eight years and was recently recognized with the "Champion of Energy Efficiency" award for his contributions to advancing heat pump technology in Vermont.

OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS

• Determine if and when a heat pump is right for you, and consider weatherizing your home beforehand.
• Evaluate your budget and goals.
• Investigate available incentives.
• Find and obtain quotes from at least three contractors skilled in heat pump installation.
• Consider the trade-offs regarding system design, efficiency, and costs before selecting an installer.
• Your chosen installer will manage the permitting and inspections, followed by scheduling the installation.

THE BASICS

Numerous types of electric heat pumps are available for heating and cooling. Generally, homeowners can choose from two primary categories:

• Air source systems extract heat from the air and are the most frequently used.
• Geothermal or ground-source systems draw heat from the ground. While these are significantly more efficient in colder climates, they come with higher installation costs.

Within these two categories, there are various installation options:

• Ducted systems resemble traditional furnaces and central air conditioners, with one large piece of equipment located indoors (in the basement, attic, etc.) that pushes air through ducts across your home, plus an additional unit outside. Ducted systems typically provide superior air filtration compared to ductless options.

• Ductless systems, commonly known as mini-splits or multi-splits, consist of both indoor and outdoor components. The indoor units are designed to condition specific rooms or zones, with mounting options like wall-mounted cassettes or recessed units that deliver air through vents.

• Slim duct or compact ducted systems combine features from both ducted and ductless systems, with indoor units concealed in either the ceiling or floor, utilizing small ductwork to manage the climate in two or three adjoining rooms.

• Air to water heat pumps circulate heated or cooled water throughout a building. While popular in Europe, they're less common in the U.S. They are suitable for homes with existing water-based systems like radiant floors but cannot currently be adapted for cast-iron radiators.

These systems can also be used in combination, offering either a fully ducted system, a fully ductless solution, or a hybrid approach. You can also integrate a heat pump with a traditional furnace or boiler to create a dual-fuel system. For those concerned about aesthetics, companies like Quilt provide designs that seamlessly blend with your home's décor.

A Note on Ductwork

Utilizing existing ductwork can be one of the most economical choices when installing a heat pump, but it might not always be ideal. Ducts designed for traditional heating systems may be unsuitable for heat pumps due to their different airflow requirements. In these scenarios, ductless options may be advised, given the challenges and costs associated with replacing ductwork.

It’s also worth noting that if your ductwork is over 20 years old, you should look into replacing it. Additionally, if you don't have an existing duct system, it makes sense to consider the installation of new ducts when building an additional space.

"Ductwork in unfinished spaces is manageable, while in finished spaces it can be costly and challenging," advised Richardson.

Heat pumps are available in various models with distinct performance characteristics:

• Single speed or single stage heat pumps operate either at full capacity or not at all. These models are cost-effective but often less efficient and might incur higher long-term operational expenses.

• In contrast, variable speed heat pumps (or inverter heat pumps) can adjust their operation levels for enhanced efficiency. Instead of blasting hot or cold air, they continuously modulate performance and can operate at lower speeds to maintain a set temperature, leading to decreased energy costs over time. Although they are the most expensive option, they are also the most efficient. Our experts unanimously recommend variable speed systems.

• Two-stage and multi-stage versions are available, offering a range of fixed speeds for more versatile installations.

It's crucial to understand the technical specifications that affect energy efficiency:

• SEER2 refers to the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 2, measuring device efficiency during cooling. A higher value indicates better efficiency.

• HSPF2 corresponds to the Heating Seasonal Performance Factor 2 and indicates the efficiency in heating mode, with higher ratings denoting improved efficiency.

Note that a heat pump with high SEER2 ratings might exhibit lower HSPF2 figures, and vice versa. In regions experiencing long, harsh winters, it’s crucial to prioritize high HSPF2 efficiency. Conversely, prioritize SEER2 ratings in areas with Excessive summer heat.

What is a 'Cold Climate' Heat Pump?

The term 'cold climate' heat pump refers to systems that can effectively heat spaces and maintain efficiency when temperatures drop below freezing. The Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership (NEEP) curates a list of models categorized as cold climate heat pumps. These typically include ductless, variable-speed systems with an HSPF2 rating above 8.5 and ducted versions with an HSPF2 greater than 7.7. The EPA's Energy Star program has its own definition for cold climate categorization.

Proper sizing of heat pumps is fundamentally important for achieving efficient operation and longevity.

A knowledgeable contractor will help you evaluate system designs and equipment alternatives tailored to your specific home, goals, and financial plan.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. How does having a heat pump differ from a furnace or boiler?

Many individuals set their HVAC systems to different temperatures at various times of the day—morning and evening settings may differ from work hours and bedtime settings. This is standard practice with traditional furnaces and air conditioners that cycle fully on or off to achieve the desired temperature. However, variable speed heat pumps maintain a set temperature using far less energy by operating at lower levels once the target temperature is reached. Experts recommend a "set it and forget it" approach for optimal efficiency and budgeting.

2. Do I need to keep my boiler or furnace as a backup system?

This remains a contested topic among HVAC professionals, yet in most continental U.S. areas, a properly sized heat pump system can efficiently heat homes on the coldest winter days. Expert D.R. Richardson states, “We’ve had extreme cold in Colorado with our heat pumps providing adequate warmth.” That said, you may choose to retain a furnace as a backup for the following reasons:

• You may opt for a less costly heat pump not designed for extreme cold, allowing your furnace to take over when temperatures plunge.

• If natural gas pricing is significantly lower than electric rates, a dual-fuel system can enhance flexibility and save energy costs over time.

• In case your home isn’t yet weatherized, having a heat pump with your existing furnace can allow you to enhance efficiency over time. Once your home is upgraded, you can entirely transition to the heat pump.

3. Will a heat pump help me save money?

Transitioning from fuels like oil, propane, or electric resistance heating to heat pumps can lead to guaranteed savings on utility bills. However, for those switching from natural gas, savings may vary significantly by region.

In many cases, Richardson notes that coloradans switching from gas to inverter heat pumps experience cost neutrality—winter expenses for heating slightly rise, but summer cooling expenses decrease due to the heat pump’s efficiency, providing savings over time for households that never previously had air conditioning.

BEFORE YOU GET STARTED

1. Is it the right time to get heat pumps? Here are a few scenarios to consider.

Do you

• Have a relatively new (less-than-10-year-old) heating and/or cooling system in your house?

Short answer: Hold off on a heat pump, invest in weatherization.

Long answer: You may seek decarbonization upgrades, but if your system is relatively new, replacing it may not optimize emissions because of the embedded carbon involved in manufacturing that equipment. Unless urgent replacement is necessary for comfort, you should consider solar weatherization enhancements.

• Have a relatively new heating system, but an older (or non-existent) air conditioner?

Short answer: Consider a dual fuel system.

Long answer: If your heating system has a lot of usable life, installing a heat pump in conjunction with it provides efficient cooling through dual-fuel capabilities, offering comfort and energy independence.

• Have a furnace or boiler that's more than 10 years old?

Short answer: It’s the perfect time to think about heat pumps!

Long answer: Given that HVAC systems typically last 15-20 years, beginning to research replacements at the 10-year mark is wise. Don't wait until your current system fails; starting your heat pump planning now allows for a seamless transition.

• Have one room or area of your home that is especially hot or cold?

Short answer: Get a mini-split!

Long answer: Ductless mini-split systems are an excellent, cost-effective solution for individual room temperature control, which can sometimes be fully subsidized through rebates. This approach provides familiarity with heat pump technology while setting the stage for potential whole-home upgrades in the future.

A note on insulation and air sealing

No contractor will insist on weatherization before installing heat pumps, and benefits can still be realized without it. However, building experts universally recommend it for ultimate efficiency across HVAC systems. Marin advises that updated weatherization is ideal before installing a heat pump for both short- and long-term savings.

"Realistically, not everyone can weatherize beforehand,” Marin acknowledges, “But if you feel ready to install a heat pump, we would fully endorse that as an initial step, even if your home is not yet weatherized."

Want to learn more about weatherization? There's a Heatmap guide for that.

2. Make a budget

Installing heat pumps is a financial commitment. If your goal is to enhance climate control in just a few rooms, the installation costs can average $5,000 to $7,000 per room, depending on specific requirements. Whole-home solutions can typically run between $20,000 and $30,000 before applicable incentives. However, final pricing can dramatically differ based on the home's specifications and system design.

3. Think about your goals

Are you seeking to address uneven heating across your home or improve air quality? Maybe you aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Clearly articulating these goals to your contractor will help them create tailored systems optimized for your objectives.

4. Learn about incentives

The federal government offers a 30% tax credit for eligible heat pump systems, up to $2,000 (excluding labor costs), for specific energy-efficient models. Bear in mind that full tax credits are available only if your tax liability exceeds $2,000 within the installation year, as credits cannot be rolled over.

Understanding local (state or municipal) rebates and credits available can profoundly influence your budgeting. Be sure to ask contractors about potential incentives while conducting independent research to maximize savings opportunities.

Please visit Nancent for further insights into available rebates as certain programs may necessitate working with approved partners.

FINDING A CONTRACTOR

Acquiring at least three quotes for your HVAC project is strongly recommended.

In regions where heat pumps are less common, finding knowledgeable contractors may pose challenges, according to heater discussions on Reddit where many find contractors unaware of heat pump capabilities. Here are some strategies for discovering qualified professionals:

• Aim to source companies specializing in "building electrification" or "home decarbonization". Some dedicated HVAC providers have made electrification their specialty, while startups like Elephant Energy facilitate project management alongside qualified contractors. This connection increases familiarity with progressive technologies.

• Explore manufacturer directories for approved contractors. For example, the Mitsubishi directory lists "independent Diamond contractors" trained in specific technologies that can enhance warranties too.

• Seek recommendations among friends, family, or community members. If none can share experiences with heat pumps, consider seeking input on electrification platforms.

• Utilize the Building Performance Institute’s online directory to find certified contractors in your area.

• Check local resources—your state energy or utility office may maintain a directory of heat pump specialists.

• Consider EnergySage for facilitator services to help you gather quotes.

How to Vet Contractors

Choosing the right contractor is potentially the most crucial step in your heat pump journey. As quotes can differ significantly, use these questions to identify contractors that demonstrate proficiency and thoroughness:

1. Will you perform a 'Manual J' load calculation to assess my heating and cooling needs?

Manual J calculations determine the appropriate size of the HVAC system by evaluating your home’s characteristics comprehensively. An ideal contractor will conduct these calculations to align the system components with your exact requirements.

2. Do you install various brands of heat pumps? How many heat pump installations have you completed?

Contractors partnering with a single brand might prioritize convenience over customized solutions tailored to your needs. Ensure they showcase diverse options that maximize efficiency.

3. Will you thoroughly assess my ductwork? Should I upgrade my registers?

Proper circulation is critical. Ensure your heat pump assessment includes a detailed evaluation of your existing ducts or the proposal for new registers tailored to heat pump operation.

4. Will you inspect my electrical system to anticipate future power needs?

Transitioning to heat pumps may involve electrical upgrades, especially if you plan to replace additional appliances with electric systems. Understanding your existing capacity in advance mitigates future costs and complications.

5. Are you BPI and/or NATE certified?

The Building Performance Institute and North American Technician Excellence offer certifications in energy-efficient practices. While these do not guarantee comprehensive expertise, they represent a commitment to ongoing training and knowledge in best practices within the industry.

A Note on Comparing Quotes

• Contractors often suggest options that prioritize either initial costs or long-term operational savings, which may not align. Strive to invest in systems that minimize future energy use while meeting your budgetary constraints.

• Unlike calculating solar payback periods, easy predictions for heat pump payback periods may be elusive due to the many influencing factors—consultations with experienced contractors can yield more reliable estimates.

• Different warranty lengths for equipment versus labor can vary by contractor; examine the warranties closely before finalizing your decision.

WHAT’S NEXT?

After securing a contractor and obtaining system quotes, the next steps involve obtaining necessary installation permits. Installation scheduling may take several weeks to months depending on contractor availability, with installation itself typically taking one to three days.

Lastly, don’t neglect maintenance discussions with your contractor—regular filter cleaning and adherence to suggested practices can prolong equipment efficiency and lifespan.

EXPERIENCE THE WONDERS OF HEAT EXCHANGE!

Leading Technology Heat Pump Solutions